Preoperative embolization and internal carotid artery coil sacrifice in a case of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma




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Parent vessel occlusion with coils and plug for treating cervical internal carotid artery aneurysms




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Pinna AVM embolisation



A young man presented with pulsatile swelling of the left pinna, with reddish brown skin discoloration.
He was diagnosed to have arteriovenous malformation and was taken up for  DSA and embolisation under local anesthesia.
DSA showed a high flow AVM with a large fistula. This was then catheterized with a Progreat 2.7 Fr microcatheter, considering the large size of the feeder and the macro-fistula. Embolisation was done with 20% nBCA-lipiodol mixture. Complete exclusion of the AVM was achieved.
There was subsequently blackening of the skin of the earlobe, which necrosed and fell off, it was conservatively managed, with normal smooth skin formation over the ulcerated area and near comparable appearance with the opposite pinna. However there was some redness present in the mid-pinna, which was not explained, and was left behind. This patient is now in follow up since three years.

Microcatheter injection, showing the AVF

Microcatheter injection, late phase, showing the nidus

Post embolisation, control angiography, showing complete exclusion of the AVM
  
Glue cast, fluorospot image



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Post Biopsy pseudoaneurysm embolisation



A middle aged male with Lymphoma had undergone CT guided retroperitoneal lymph node biopsy.
Subsequently, after 4 hours he started complaining of severe radiating pain.
A CT was done which showed a pseudoaneurysm from the lumbar artery wiht a large psoas hematoma.
Immediately the patient was taken up for DSA which showed the pseudoaneurysm from the right first lumbar artery branch.
This was embolised using nBCA-lipiodol mixture and microcoil.
Subsequently, the hematoma resolved.







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How fast can flow diverters act ?



Flow diverters are used for many purposes:
1. Giant aneurysms
2. Dissecting aneurysms
3. Blister aneuryms
4. Fusiform aneuryms
5. Wide neck aneurysms

While many cases have contrast stasis immediately after flow diverter placement, actual aneurysm 'closure' and arterial wall remodeling  and endothelialisation takes place after a variable time-frame.
We came across a case of subarachnoid hemorrhage, wherein DSA showed a irregular mild fusiform dilatation of the supraclinoid ICA with multiple blister like outpouchings.

Single PED Flex was placed, with no immediate change in appearance.
Patient developed vasospasm features, and was taken up for intra-arterial spasmolysis, during which the DSA showed smoothing of the arterial contour and non-visualisation of the blisters.

It can be said with guarantee that endothelialisation has not taken place, and the smoothening is due to the flow diversion effect. Probably the vasospasm also has added to the appearance.

DIAGNOSTIC DSA





FLOW DIVERTER



NEXT MORNING CHECK ANGIOGRAM




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SAH with IVH, coiling and EVD done in same sitting in DSA



65 yrs, F; SAH and IVH 2 days, GCS 8
DSA showed a small Anterior communicating artery aneurysm with a pseudosac. Two coils were embolised into the aneurysm.
Ventricular drain was placed in the same sitting after coiling in the DSA suite itself.




 


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Flow diverter for a traumatic ICA pseudoaneurysm



24 years male patient with post traumatic hemorrhage-was comatose for 24 days, then recovered.
DSA was done as there was a left parasellar mass, and showed a dissecting aneurysm.
Pipeline Flex was inserted on elective basis.
No contrast stasis was seen in control angiogram, however CT done after few hours showed complete thrombosis
Patient is doing well and is on follow up.
Check DSA is planed after 6 months.







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Spinal hemangioblastoma embolisation




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Preoperative sacral schwannoma embolisation



Link to video on youtube channel 'Interventional Neuroradiology'.
Old case of tumor embolisation done by me.


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Coiling of ruptured Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm




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Strategic coil placement at the mid-body of Pcom artery aneurysm



Aneurysm come in all shape and sizes and at all locations.

This one was in a 42 years old female patient with Grade I SAH and a ruptured right PcomA aneurysm.

The anatomy was odd with a bulbous, rather blister like proximal part, then a narrowing, then the body, again a narrowing then a teat like portion. The Pcom, of course, had to arise from the aneurysm; specifically it came at the site of first narrowing mentioned.

The aneurysm was directed laterally and posteriorly and had a curved structure rather.

The proximal bulbous portion measured 2.67 mm in diameter with equal neck and the distal narrower portions 2 mm.

So, I used an Echelon and Xpedion –ten system- to access the aneurysm.

Then i was in a fix as to how to go about fixing the aneurysm.

I put in a 2x6 3D AXIUM in the mid part of the aneurysm beyond the Pcom origin. The coil loops did try to go in the distal teat but somehow the entire coil could be fit in there.

Angio showed complete cessation of flow within that portion, with contrast stasis in the teat and the Pcom stayed patent.

However in the native images, still some space appeared within the coil mesh, so I took an AXIUM 2x4 Helix coil and pushed in.

The loops went into the first coil and then started to come into the proximal portion. Somehow, the loops in this part stayed horizontal thus restructuring the inflow zone and contrast flowing into the pcom.

But the last loop could not be fit in and kept pushing the microcatheter tip into the arterial lumen.

So I left the procedure at that point and put my hands up.

The patient is fine, and we all are happy, but do not know what this anueurysm was ot how best to treat it.

My surgeon too told he would have clipped in the midpart  so the result would have been same, or rather bad as this looked to me like an infundibulum which had ruptured and the distal portion to me was nothing but a pseudoaneurysm.

I am keeping my fingers crossed. let’s see….

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Preoperative partial embolization of thoracic hemangioblastoma





A middle aged woman had paraparesis since many years and had been operated six years back for a thoracic spinal tumor. However, the surgery was an ‘open and close’ one as the surgeon did not take out the tumor.
Post op, the patient rather received radiotherapy, and had been continuing with her paraparesis till one and half years back when her weakness increased and bowel -bladder symptoms appeared.
However she did not undergo any further treatment till now.
At present she had negligible motor power and with significant sensory loss as well in both lower limbs.
A fresh MRI showed the mid dorsal vascular tumor- which later turned out to be hemangioblastoma- with holocord syrinx.












Our neurosurgeon reoperated but could remove only one fourth of the tumor as it bled like hell intra-op.
Two days later I did the angiogram. The tumor was hypervascular and fed by posterior spinal arteries from right 9th and tenth thoracic pedicles.
The segmental arteries as well as the posterior spinals were extremely tortuous and all attempts of superselective microcatheterizations were futile.
RD 9 injection early and late
RD 10 injection early and late



Somehow, the microcatheter could be navigated to the RD9 feeder’s ostium from where PVA particles of size 300-500 microns were injected. This part of the tumor could be completely devascularised.
RD9 embolization early and late


However, the microcatheter could not be navigated even to the ostium of the other feeder.
Then I did the unthinkable. I injected particles right into the main segmental arterial trunk itself.
The capillary blush of the tumor could be decreased significantly and I stopped at this point, leaving the larger arterioles and arteries still patent and well visible.

I was pretty disappointed with the effort and conveyed the results to my surgeon.
However, he went ahead with surgery after two days and to everyone’s surprise almost the entire tumor was significantly devascularised. A small portion inferiorly was still vascular. The entire mass could be removed this time.
The patient has been sent home.
There was no objective neurological improvement till the time of discharge even though the patient said she felt better.

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